Ikusasa lamandla avuselelekayo

Ilanga

Ukuguqula ukukhanya kwelanga kube amandla kagesi kwenzeka ngezindlela ezimbili—i-solar photovoltaics (PV) noma i-concentrating solar-thermal power (CSP). Indlela ejwayeleke kakhulu, i-solar PV, iqoqa ukukhanya kwelanga kusetshenziswa ama-solar panel, iguqule ibe amandla kagesi futhi iwagcine kumabhethri ukuze asetshenziswe izinto ezihlukahlukene.

Ngenxa yokwehla kwamanani ezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nokuthuthuka kwezinqubo zokufakwa, izindleko zamandla elanga zehle cishe ngo-90% kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, okwenza kufinyeleleke kalula futhi kungabizi kakhulu.1 Ukuqhubekisela phambili lokhu isizukulwane esilandelayo sobuchwepheshe be-solar PV obukhiqiza ukukhanya. kanye namaphaneli elanga aguquguqukayo, anamandla futhi asebenza kahle angaphehla ugesi ngisho nangezikhathi zokukhanya kwelanga okuncane.

Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla elanga kuncike ezinhlelweni zokugcina amandla (ESS) ukuze kusatshalaliswe ngokungaguquki—ngakho-ke njengoba amandla okukhiqiza akhula, amasistimu okugcina kufanele ahambisane nesivinini. Isibonelo, ubuchwepheshe bebhethri eligelezayo buyathuthukiswa ukuze kusekelwe ukugcinwa kwamandla esikali segridi. Uhlobo olushibhile, oluthembekile nolukakala lwe-ESS, amabhethri agelezayo angabamba amakhulukhulu wamahora kagesi wamamegawathi ngeshaji eyodwa. Lokhu kuvumela izinsiza ukuthi zigcine amandla esikhathi eside ezikhathini eziphansi noma ezingakhiqizi, okusiza ukuphatha ukulayisha nokudala igridi yamandla ezinzile futhi eqinile.

Ukunweba amakhono e-ESS kuya ngokuya kubaluleke kakhului-decarbonizationimizamo kanye nekusasa lamandla ahlanzekile njengoba umthamo wamandla avuselelekayo anda. Ngokusho kwe-International Energy Agency (IEA), ngo-2023 kuphela, amandla avuselelekayo andisa umthamo wawo womhlaba ngo-50%, ne-solar PV eyenza izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zalowo mthamo. Futhi esikhathini esiphakathi kuka-2023 kuya ku-2028, umthamo kagesi ovuselelekayo kulindeleke ukuthi ukhule ngamagigawathi angu-7,300 nge-PV yelanga kanye nokusetshenziswa komoya osogwini okulindeleke okungenani kuphindeke kabili ngaphezu kwamazinga amanje e-India, Brazil, Europe nase-US kuze kube ngu-2028.2

Umoya

Abantu bebelokhu besebenzisa amandla omoya ukukhiqiza amandla emishini nawogesi izizukulwane ngezizukulwane. Njengomthombo wamandla ohlanzekile, osimeme nongabizi kakhulu, amandla omoya anikeza amandla amakhulu okwandisa uguquko lwamandla avuselelekayo kuwo wonke umhlaba ngomthelela omncane kuma-ecosystem. Ngokusekelwe kwisibikezelo se-IEA, ukukhiqizwa kukagesi womoya kulindeleke ukuthi kube ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabili kuya ku-350 gigawatts (GW) ngo-20283 lapho imakethe yamandla avuselelekayo yaseChina ikhuphuka ngo-66% ngo-2023 kuphela.4

Ama-turbines omoya ashintshile esuka kokuncane, njengama-windmill asetshenziswa ekhaya, ukuya esilinganisweni esiwusizo samapulazi omoya. Kodwa ezinye zentuthuko ejabulisa kakhulu kubuchwepheshe bomoya isekuphehleni kwamandla omoya ogwini lolwandle, namaphrojekthi amaningi omoya asogwini azulazula emanzini ajulile. Amapulazi amakhulu omoya ayathuthukiswa ukuze asebenzise imimoya enamandla yasogwini ukuze akwazi ukuphinda kabili umthamo wamandla omoya ovela ngasogwini. Ngo-September 2022, I-White House yamemezela izinhlelo zokusebenzisa u-30 GW wamandla omoya antantayo ogwini lolwandle ngo-2030. Lolu hlelo luhlelelwe ukuhlinzeka ngemizi engeziwe eyizigidi eziyi-10 ngamandla ahlanzekile, kusize ukwehlisa izindleko zikagesi, ukusekela imisebenzi yamandla ahlanzekile futhi kunciphise nakakhulu ukuthembela kwezwe. emafutheni ezinto ezimbiwa phansi.5

Njengoba amandla ahlanzekile engeziwe ehlanganiswa kumagridi kagesi, ukubikezela ukukhiqizwa kwamandla avuselelekayo kuba semqoka ekulawuleni ukuphakelwa kukagesi ozinzile, oqinile.Isibikezelo esivuselelekayoyisixazululo esakhelwe phezu kwasoAI, izinzwa,ukufunda ngomshini,idatha ye-geospatial, izibalo ezithuthukisiwe, idatha yesimo sezulu esezingeni eliphezulu nokunye ukuze kukhiqizwe izibikezelo ezinembile, ezingaguquguquki zemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo ahlukahlukene njengomoya. Izibikezelo ezinembe kakhudlwana zisiza opharetha ukuthi bahlanganise ubuchwepheshe bamandla avuselelekayo kugridi kagesi. Bathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwayo nokuthembeka ngokuveza kangcono lapho benyusa noma behlisa umkhiqizo, behlise izindleko zokusebenza. Isibonelo, i-Omega Energiaukwanda kokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezivuselelekayo ngokwenza ngcono ukunemba kokubikezela—u-15% owomoya kanye no-30% owomoya welanga. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kwasiza ukukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kokulungisa nokunciphisa izindleko zokusebenza.

Amandla kagesi

Izinhlelo zamandla kagesi zisebenzisa ukunyakaza kwamanzi okuhlanganisa ukugeleza kwemifula nemifudlana, amandla asolwandle namaza olwandle, amadamu namadamu ukuzungeza izinjini zophehla ugesi. Ngokusho kwe-IEA, i-hydro izohlala ingumhlinzeki omkhulu wamandla ahlanzekile kuze kube ngu-2030 nobuchwepheshe obusha obujabulisayo emkhathizwe.6

Isibonelo, i-hydro-scale isebenzisa amagridi amancane namancanyana ukunikeza amandla avuselelekayo ezindaweni zasemakhaya nasezindaweni lapho ingqalasizinda emikhulu (njengamadamu) ingase ingenzeki khona. Isebenzisa iphampu, i-turbine noma isondo lamanzi ukuguqula ukugeleza kwemvelo kwemifula emincane nemifudlana ibe ugesi, i-hydro encane ihlinzeka ngomthombo wamandla osimeme nomthelela omncane kuma-ecosystem wendawo. Ezimweni eziningi, imiphakathi ingaxhumeka kugridi emaphakathi futhi ibuyise amandla angaphezu kwamandla akhiqiziwe.

Ngo-2021, i-National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) yabeka izinjini zomoya ezintathu ezenziwe ngezinto ezintsha eziyinhlanganisela ye-thermoplastic ezingagqwali futhi zigaywe kabusha kunezinto zendabuko e-East River eNew York City. Ama-turbines amasha akhiqize inani elifanayo lamandla ngesikhathi esifanayo nesokuqala kwawo kodwa kungekho monakalo obonakalayo wesakhiwo.7 Ukuhlolwa kwesimo esibi kakhulu kusadingeka, kodwa le nto engabizi kakhulu, egaywa kabusha inamandla okuguqula imakethe yokuphehla amandla ngamanzi uma yamukelwe ukusetshenziswa kabanzi.

I-Geothermal

Izitshalo zamandla e-Geothermal (isilinganiso esikhulu) kanye namaphampu okushisa okushisa kwe-geothermal (GHPs) (amancane) aguqula ukushisa okuvela ngaphakathi eMhlabeni kube ugesi kusetshenziswa isitimu noma i-hydrocarbon. Amandla e-Geothermal ake ancike endaweni—edinga ukufinyelela kumadamu angaphansi komhlaba ajulile ngaphansi koqweqwe loMhlaba. Ucwaningo lwakamuva lusiza ukwenza indawo ye-geothermal ibe i-agnostic.

Amasistimu we-geothermal athuthukisiwe (EGS) aletha amanzi adingekayo kusukela ngaphansi kobuso bomhlaba afike lapho engekho khona, okuvumela ukukhiqizwa kwamandla okushisa komhlaba ezindaweni lapho bekungenzeki khona ngaphambilini. Futhi njengoba ubuchwepheshe be-ESG buthuthuka, ukungena ekunikezeni ukushisa okungapheli koMhlaba kunamandla okunikeza amanani angenamkhawulo wamandla ahlanzekile, anezindleko eziphansi kubo bonke.

I-biomass

I-Bioenergy ikhiqizwa ku-biomass equkethe izinto eziphilayo njengezitshalo nolwelwe. Nakuba i-biomass ivamise ukuphikiswa ngokuthi ivuseleleka ngempela, i-bioenergy yanamuhla iwumthombo wamandla ongakhiphi nhlobo.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwama-biofuels okuhlanganisa i-biodiesel ne-bioethanol kuyajabulisa kakhulu. Abacwaningi e-Australia bahlola ukuguqula izinto eziphilayo zibe izibaseli zezindiza eziqhubekayo (SAF). Lokhu kungasiza ekwehliseni ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni kaphethiloli wejethi kuze kufike ku-80%.8 I-Stateside, Ihhovisi Le-Bioenergy Technologies le-US Department of Energy (DOE) (BETO) lithuthukisa ubuchwepheshe obuzosiza ukwehlisa izindleko nomthelela wemvelo wokukhiqizwa kwe-bioenergy kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-bioproduct ngenkathi ithuthukisa ukukhiqizwa kwayo. izinga.9

Ubuchwepheshe bokusekela ikusasa lamandla avuselelekayo

Umnotho wamandla ahlanzekile uncike emithonjeni yamandla avuselelekayo esengozini yezici zemvelo futhi njengoba engeziwe efakwa kumagridi kagesi, ubuchwepheshe bokusiza ukuphatha lezo zingozi zibalulekile. I-IBM Environmental Intelligence ingasiza izinhlangano ukuthi zithuthukise ukukhuthazela nokuzinza ngokulindela ukuphazamiseka okungase kube khona kanye nokunciphisa ngokuqhubekayo ubungozi kuyo yonke imisebenzi kanye namaketango okunikezwayo anwetshiwe.

1 Amafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi 'aphelelwa yisikhathi' njengoba amanani ephaneli yelanga ehla(isixhumanisi sihlala ngaphandle ibm.com), The Independent, 27 September 2023.

2 Ukwandiswa okukhulu kwamandla avuselelekayo kuvula umnyango wokufinyelela umgomo ophindwe kathathu emhlabeni wonke obekwe ku-COP28(isixhumanisi sihlala ngaphandle ibm.com), I-International Energy Agency, 11 January 2024.

3Umoya(isixhumanisi sihlala ngaphandle ibm.com), I-International Energy Agency, 11 July 2023.

4Okuvuselelekayo—Ugesi(isixhumanisi sihlala ngaphandle ibm.com), i-International Energy Agency, Januwari 2024.

5Izenzo Ezintsha Zokwandisa Amandla Omoya Wase-US Ogwini Lolwandle(isixhumanisi sihlala ngaphandle ibm.com), The White House, 15 September 2022.

6Ugesi wamanzi(isixhumanisi sihlala ngaphandle kwe-ibm.com), I-International Energy Agency, 11 July 2023.

710 Okufeziwe Amandla Abalulekile Amanzi Kusukela Ngo-2021(isixhumanisi sihlala ngaphandle kwe-ibm.com), I-National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 18 January 2022.

8 Ukunika amandla ikusasa elakhelwe impilo(isixhumanisi sihlala ngaphandle kwe-ibm.com), i-Jet Zero Australia, ifinyelelwe ngomhla ka-11 Januwari 2024.

9Izinsiza Zekhabhoni Ezivuselelekayo(isixhumanisi sihlala ngaphandle kwe-ibm.com), Ihhovisi Lokusebenza Kwamandla Kagesi kanye Namandla Avuselelekayo, afinyelelwe zingama-28 kuZibandlela wezi-2023.