Ikamva lamandla ahlaziyekayo

Ilanga

Ukuguqula ukukhanya kube kumandla ombane kwenzeka ngeendlela ezimbini—ilanga le-photovoltaics (PV) okanye ukugxininiswa kwamandla elanga-thermal (CSP). Eyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo, iPV yelanga, iqokelela ukukhanya kwelanga kusetyenziswa iipaneli zelanga, iguqulelwe kumandla ombane ize iyigcine kwiibhetri ukuze isetyenziswe ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo.

Ngenxa yokuhla kwamaxabiso ezinto eziphathekayo kunye nokuqhubela phambili kweenkqubo zofakelo, ixabiso lombane welanga lehle phantse nge-90% kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ifikeleleke ngakumbi kwaye ingabiziindleko. kunye neephaneli zelanga ezibhetyebhetye ngakumbi, ezinamandla nezisebenzayo ezinokuvelisa umbane nangamaxesha okukhanya kwelanga.

Ukuveliswa kwamandla elanga kuxhomekeke kwiinkqubo zokugcina amandla (ESS) ukusabalalisa ngokuqhubekayo-ngoko njengoko umthamo wokuvelisa ukhula, iinkqubo zokugcina kufuneka zigcine isantya. Umzekelo, itekhnoloji yebhetri yokuhambahamba iyaphuculwa ukuxhasa ugcino lwamandla egridi. Ixabiso eliphantsi, elithembekileyo kunye ne-scalable form ye-ESS, iibhetri ezihambayo zinokubamba amakhulu eemegawathi zeeyure zombane ngentlawulo enye. Oku kwenza ukuba izinto eziluncedo zigcine amandla ixesha elide kumaxesha asezantsi okanye angeyomveliso, ukunceda ukulawula umthwalo kunye nokudala igridi yamandla ezinzileyo kunye neyomelela.

Ukwandisa amandla e-ESS kuya kubaluleke kakhulu ukubai-decarbonizationiinzame kunye nekamva lamandla acocekileyo njengoko umthamo wamandla ahlaziyekayo usanda. Ngokutsho kwe-International Energy Agency (IEA), kwi-2023 kuphela, amandla avuselelweyo anyuse amandla ayo emhlabeni jikelele nge-50%, kunye ne-PV yelanga eyenza ikota yesithathu yaloo mandla. Kwaye phakathi kwexesha eliphakathi kuka-2023 ukuya ku-2028, umthamo wombane ohlaziyekayo kulindeleke ukuba ukhule nge-7,300 gigawatts kunye ne-PV yelanga kunye nokusetyenziswa komoya oselunxwemeni okulindeleke ukuba kuphindwe kabini ubuncinane kumanqanaba akhoyo e-Indiya, eBrazil, eYurophu nase-US ukuya kutsho ngo-2028.2

Umoya

Abantu bebesebenzisa amandla omoya ukwenza amandla oomatshini nawombane kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana. Njengomthombo wamandla ococekileyo, ozinzileyo noneendleko ezifanelekileyo, amandla omoya anika amandla amakhulu okunyusa inguqu yamandla ahlaziyekayo kwihlabathi liphela ngempembelelo encinci kwi-ikhosistim. Ngokusekwe kuqikelelo lwe-IEA, ukuveliswa kombane womoya kulindeleke ukuba kuphindwe kabini ukuya kuma-350 egigawatts (GW) ngo-20283 kunye nemarike yamandla ahlaziyekayo yaseTshayina inyuke ngama-66% ngo-2023 kuphela.4

Iiinjini zomoya ziye zavela ukusuka kwinqanaba elincinci, elifana nezixhobo zomoya ezisetyenziselwa ikhaya, ukuya kwisikali esiluncedo kwiifama zomoya. Kodwa olona phuhliso luchulumancisayo kubuchwepheshe bomoya kukuveliswa kwamandla omoya olwandle, kunye neeprojekthi ezininzi zomoya osuka elunxwemeni zingena emanzini anzulu. Iifama zomoya ezinkulu ziyaphuhliswa ukuze zisebenzise imimoya eyomeleleyo engaselunxwemeni ukuze ibenakho ukuphinda kabini umthamo wamandla omoya ovela kude nonxweme. NgoSeptemba 2022, i-White House ibhengeze izicwangciso zokuhambisa i-30 GW yamandla omoya adadayo kwi-offshore ngo-2030. Eli nyathelo limiselwe ukubonelela nge-10 yezigidi zamakhaya angaphezulu kwamandla acocekileyo, ukunceda ukunciphisa iindleko zamandla, ukuxhasa imisebenzi yamandla acocekileyo kunye nokunciphisa ngakumbi ukuthembela kwelizwe. kumafutha efosili.5

Njengoko amandla acocekileyo angakumbi edityaniswa kwiigridi zamandla, uqikelelo lwemveliso yamandla ahlaziyekayo luba lubalulekile ekulawuleni unikezelo lombane oluzinzileyo noluzinzileyo.Uqikelelo oluhlaziyiweyosisisombululo esakhelwe phezuAI, izixhobo zoluvo,ukufunda koomatshini,idatha ye-geospatial, uhlalutyo oluphambili, idatha yemozulu egqwesileyo ekumgangatho ophezulu kunye nokunye ukwenza uqikelelo oluchanekileyo, olungaguquguqukiyo lwemithombo yamandla ahlaziyekayo afana nomoya. Uqikelelo oluchane ngakumbi lunceda abaqhubi badibanise ubugcisa bamandla ahlaziyekayo kwigridi yombane. Baphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokuthembeka kwayo ngokucwangcisa ngcono xa kunyuswa okanye kuhla imveliso, ukunciphisa iindleko zokusebenza. Ngokomzekelo, i-Omega Energiaukwanda kokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezihlaziyiweyo ngokuphucula ukuchaneka koqikeleloI-15% yomoya kunye ne-30% yomoya welanga. Olu phuculo lwanceda ukukhulisa ugcino olusebenzayo kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zokusebenza.

Amandla ombane

Iinkqubo zamandla ombane wamanzi zisebenzisa intshukumo yamanzi kuquka ukuhamba komlambo nemisinga, amandla olwandle namaza olwandle, amadama kunye namadama ukujikeleza iiinjini zomoya ukuvelisa umbane. Ngokutsho kwe-IEA, i-hydro iya kuhlala ingoyena mboneleli wamandla acocekileyo ngo-2030 kunye nobugcisa obutsha obunomdla kwi-horizon.6

Umzekelo, i-hydro encinci isebenzisa i-mini-and micro-grid ukunika amandla ahlaziyekayo kwimimandla yasemaphandleni kunye neendawo apho iziseko zophuhliso ezinkulu (ezifana namadama) zingenakusebenza. Ukusebenzisa impompo, i-iturbine okanye ivili lamanzi ukuguqula ukuhamba kwendalo kwemilambo emincinci kunye nemisinga ibe ngumbane, i-hydro encinci ibonelela ngomthombo wamandla ozinzileyo kunye neempembelelo ezincinci kwi-ecosystem yendawo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, abahlali banokuqhagamshela kwigridi esembindini kwaye bathengise umva amandla angaphezulu avelisiweyo.

Ngo-2021, iNational Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) yabeka iiiturbines ezintathu ezenziwe ngezinto ezintsha ezidityanisiweyo ze-thermoplastic ezingadleki kangako kwaye ziphinde zisetyenziswe kunemathiriyeli yemveli kuMlambo iNew York City. Iiinjini zomoya ezitsha zenze umlinganiselo ofanayo wamandla ngexesha elifanayo njengangaphambili kodwa kungabikho monakalo obonakalayo kwisakhiwo.7 Uvavanyo lwemeko egqithisileyo lusafuneka, kodwa le mathiriyeli enexabiso eliphantsi, enokuphinda isetyenziswe inamandla okuguqula imarike yombane wamanzi ukuba yamkelwe ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi.

I-Geothermal

Izityalo zamandla omhlaba (ezinkulu) kunye neempompo zobushushu be-geothermal (GHPs) (ezincinci) ziguqula ubushushu obusuka kumbindi woMhlaba bube ngumbane kusetyenziswa umphunga okanye i-hydrocarbon. Amandla e-Geothermal ayekade exhomekeke kwindawo- efuna ukufikelela kwimithombo ye-geothermal enzulu phantsi koMhlaba. Uphando lwakutsha nje lunceda ukwenza indawo ye-geothermal ibe yi-agnostic.

Iinkqubo eziphuculweyo ze-geothermal (EGS) zizisa amanzi ayimfuneko ukusuka ngaphantsi komphezulu woMhlaba ukuya apho ungekhoyo, ivumela ukuveliswa kwamandla e-geothermal kwiindawo ezijikeleze iglowubhu apho ubungenzeki ngaphambili. Kwaye njengoko ubuchwephesha be-ESG buguquka, ukungena kunikezelo lobushushu olungapheliyo kunamandla okubonelela ngezixa ezingenasiphelo zamandla acocekileyo, anexabiso eliphantsi kubo bonke.

Biomass

I-Bioenergy iveliswa kwi-biomass equlethe izinto eziphilayo ezifana nezityalo kunye ne-algae. Nangona i-biomass ihlala iphikiswa njengenokuvuselelwa ngokwenene, i-bioenergy yanamhlanje ngumthombo wamandla okhutshwa kufutshane neqanda.

Uphuhliso kwii-biofuels ezibandakanya i-biodiesel kunye ne-bioethanol zivuyisa kakhulu. Abaphandi baseOstreliya baphonononga ukuguqula izinto eziphilayo zibe ngamafutha eenqwelomoya azinzileyo (SAF). Oku kunokunceda ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni yamafutha e-jet ukuya kuthi ga kwi-80%.8 Stateside, i-Ofisi ye-Bioenergy Technologies ye-US (DOE) ye-Bioenergy Technologies (BETO) iphuhlisa iteknoloji yokunceda ukunciphisa iindleko kunye neempembelelo zokusingqongileyo ze-bioenergy kunye nemveliso ye-bioproduct ngelixa iphucula imveliso yabo. umgangatho.9

Itekhnoloji yokuxhasa ikamva lamandla ahlaziyekayo

Uqoqosho lwamandla acocekileyo luxhomekeke kwimithombo yamandla ehlaziyekayo esengozini kwimiba yokusingqongileyo kwaye njengoko uninzi lufakwe kwiigridi zamandla, iteknoloji yokunceda ukulawula loo mingcipheko ibalulekile. I-IBM yobukrelekrele bokusiNgqongileyo inokunceda imibutho ikhulise ukomelela kunye nokuzinza ngokulindela ukuphazamiseka okunokubakho kunye nokunciphisa umngcipheko kuyo yonke imisebenzi kunye namakhonkco obonelelo awandisiweyo.

1 Amafutha efosili 'aphelelwa lixesha' njengoko amaxabiso ephaneli yelanga ehla(Ikhonkco lihlala ngaphandle ibm.com), i-Independent, 27 Septemba 2023.

2 Ukwandiswa okukhulu kwamandla ahlaziyekayo kuvula umnyango wokufezekisa iinjongo ezintathu zehlabathi ezimiselwe kwiCOP28.(ikhonkco lihlala ngaphandle ibm.com), i-Arhente yaMandla yaMazwe ngaMazwe, nge-11 kaJanuwari 2024.

3Umoya(ikhonkco lihlala ngaphandle ibm.com), i-Arhente yaMandla yaMazwe ngaMazwe, nge-11 kaJulayi 2023.

4Izinto ezihlaziyiweyo-Umbane(ikhonkco lihlala ngaphandle ibm.com), i-Arhente yezaMandla yaMazwe ngaMazwe, ngo-Januwari 2024.

5Amanyathelo amatsha okwandisa i-US Offshore Wind Energy(Ikhonkco lihlala ngaphandle ibm.com), I-White House, nge-15 kaSeptemba 2022.

6Umbane wamanzi(ikhonkco lihlala ngaphandle kwe-ibm.com), i-Arhente yaMandla yaMazwe ngaMazwe, nge-11 kaJulayi 2023.

7I-10 lezinto ezibalulekileyo zokufezekiswa koMbane waManzi ukusukela ngo-2021(ikhonkco lihlala ngaphandle ibm.com), iLebhu yeSizwe yaMandla aVuselelekayo, nge-18 kaJanuwari 2022.

8 Ukunika amandla ikamva elakhelwe ubomi(ikhonkco lihlala ngaphandle ibm.com), iJet Zero yaseOstreliya, ifikeleleke nge-11 kaJanuwari 2024.

9Izibonelelo zeCarbon eziHlaziywayo(ikhonkco lihlala ngaphandle ibm.com), iOfisi yokuSebenza koMbane kunye nokuVuselelwa kwamandla, ifunyenwe nge-28 kaDisemba 2023.