Tsogolo la mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa

Dzuwa

Kutembenuza kuwala kwa dzuwa kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi kumachitika m'njira ziwiri—solar photovoltaics (PV) kapena concentrate solar-thermal power (CSP). Njira yodziwika kwambiri, solar PV, imasonkhanitsa kuwala kwa dzuwa pogwiritsa ntchito ma solar panels, kutembenuzira ku mphamvu yamagetsi ndikusunga m'mabatire kuti agwiritse ntchito zosiyanasiyana.

Chifukwa cha kutsika kwamitengo ya zinthu komanso kupita patsogolo pakuyika, mtengo wamagetsi oyendera dzuwa watsika pafupifupi 90% pazaka khumi zapitazi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuzifikira komanso zotsika mtengo. ndi ma solar osinthika kwambiri, amphamvu komanso ogwira ntchito bwino omwe amatha kupanga magetsi ngakhale nthawi yadzuwa yochepa.

Kupanga mphamvu za dzuwa kumadalira machitidwe osungira mphamvu (ESS) kuti agawidwe mosasinthasintha-kotero pamene mphamvu za m'badwo zikuwonjezeka, machitidwe osungira ayenera kuyenda. Mwachitsanzo, ukadaulo wa batri wothamanga ukuwongoleredwa kuti uthandizire kusungirako mphamvu ya grid. Mabatire otsika mtengo, odalirika komanso owopsa a ESS, mabatire otaya amatha kugwira mazana a megawati maola amagetsi pamtengo umodzi. Izi zimathandiza kuti zogwiritsidwa ntchito zisunge mphamvu kwa nthawi yayitali kwa nthawi yochepa kapena yosapanga, kuthandizira kuyendetsa katundu ndikupanga gridi yokhazikika komanso yokhazikika.

Kukulitsa luso la ESS kumakhala kofunika kwambiridecarbonizationkuyesetsa komanso tsogolo lamphamvu lamphamvu pomwe mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso zikukulirakulira. Malinga ndi International Energy Agency (IEA), mu 2023 mokha, mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso zidawonjezera mphamvu zake padziko lonse lapansi ndi 50%, pomwe PV ya solar imapanga magawo atatu mwa magawo atatu a mphamvu imeneyo. Ndipo pakati pa 2023 mpaka 2028, mphamvu yamagetsi yongowonjezedwanso ikuyembekezeka kukula ndi ma gigawati 7,300 okhala ndi solar PV komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphepo yamkuntho yamkuntho kukuyembekezeka kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa zomwe zikuchitika ku India, Brazil, Europe ndi US mpaka 2028.2

Mphepo

Anthu akhala akugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamphepo kupanga mphamvu zamakina ndi zamagetsi kwa mibadwomibadwo. Monga gwero lamphamvu laukhondo, lokhazikika komanso lotsika mtengo, mphamvu yamphepo imapereka mwayi waukulu wowonjezera kusintha kwa mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa padziko lonse lapansi popanda kukhudza kwambiri zachilengedwe. Kutengera kulosera kwa IEA, kutulutsa magetsi amphepo kukuyembekezeka kupitilira kuwirikiza kawiri mpaka 350 gigawatts (GW) pofika 20283 pomwe msika waku China wongowonjezedwanso ukuwonjezeka 66% mu 2023 mokha.4

Ma turbines amphepo asintha kuchokera ku ang'onoang'ono, monga makina opangira mphepo kuti agwiritse ntchito m'nyumba, kupita kumayendedwe ofunikira pamafamu amphepo. Koma zina mwazosangalatsa kwambiri muukadaulo wamphepo ndizopanga mphamvu zamagetsi zam'mphepete mwa nyanja, ndi mapulojekiti ambiri amphepo akunyanja akulowera m'madzi akuya. Mafamu akuluakulu amphepo akupangidwa kuti agwiritse ntchito mphepo zamphamvu zakunyanja kuti zitha kuwirikiza kawiri mphamvu yamphepo yam'mphepete mwa nyanja. Mu Seputembala 2022, a White House adalengeza mapulani oti atumize 30 GW yamagetsi oyandama akunyanja pofika chaka cha 2030. Ntchitoyi yakhazikitsidwa kuti ipatse nyumba zina 10 miliyoni zokhala ndi magetsi oyera, kuthandizira kuchepetsa mtengo wamagetsi, kuthandizira ntchito zamagetsi zamagetsi komanso kuchepetsa kudalira kwa dzikoli. pamafuta amafuta.5

Pamene mphamvu zaukhondo zikuphatikizidwa mumagulu amagetsi, kulosera za kupanga mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa kumakhala kofunika kwambiri pakuwongolera magetsi okhazikika, osasunthika.Zongowonjezwdwa kuloserandi yankho lomangidwapoAI, masensa,makina kuphunzira,data ya geospatial, kusanthula kwapamwamba, deta yabwino kwambiri ya nyengo ndi zina zambiri kuti apange zolosera zolondola, zosasinthasintha za mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa monga mphepo. Kuneneratu kolondola kwambiri kumathandiza ogwira ntchito kuphatikizira umisiri wamagetsi ongowonjezedwanso mu gridi yamagetsi. Amapangitsa kuti ntchito yake ikhale yogwira mtima komanso yodalirika poyang'ana bwino nthawi yokweza kupanga kapena kutsika, kuchepetsa ndalama zogwirira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, Omega Energiakuonjezera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa zinthu zongowonjezwdwa popititsa patsogolo kulondola kwaneneratu-15% ya mphepo ndi 30% ya dzuwa. Kuwongolera uku kunathandizira kulimbikitsa kukonza bwino komanso kuchepetsa ndalama zogwirira ntchito.

Mphamvu yamadzi

Mphamvu zamagetsi za Hydropower zimagwiritsa ntchito kayendedwe ka madzi kuphatikiza kuyenda kwa mitsinje ndi mitsinje, mphamvu zam'madzi ndi mafunde, madamu ndi madamu pozungulira ma turbines kuti apange magetsi. Malinga ndi IEA, hydro idzakhalabe yopereka mphamvu zoyera kwambiri podutsa chaka cha 2030 ndi umisiri watsopano wosangalatsa m'chizimezime.6

Mwachitsanzo, magetsi ang'onoang'ono amadzi amagwiritsa ntchito ma mini-grid kuti apereke mphamvu zowonjezera kumadera akumidzi ndi madera omwe zomangamanga zazikulu (monga madamu) sizingatheke. Pogwiritsa ntchito pampu, turbine kapena gudumu lamadzi kuti mutembenuzire kutuluka kwachilengedwe kwa mitsinje yaying'ono ndi mitsinje kukhala magetsi, ma hydro ang'onoang'ono amapereka gwero lamphamvu lokhazikika lomwe silingakhudze kwambiri zachilengedwe zakumaloko. Nthawi zambiri, madera amatha kulumikizana ndi gridi yapakati ndikugulitsanso mphamvu zochulukirapo zomwe zimapangidwa.

Mu 2021, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) idayika ma turbines atatu opangidwa ndi zinthu zatsopano za thermoplastic zomwe sizingawonongeke komanso zotha kubwezeretsedwanso kuposa zida zakale ku East River ku New York City. Ma turbines atsopanowa amapanga mphamvu yofanana mu nthawi yofanana ndi omwe adawatsogolera koma popanda kuwonongeka kwapangidwe.7 Kuyesa kwapamwamba kwambiri kumakhala kofunikirabe, koma zinthu zotsika mtengo, zowonongeka zimatha kusintha msika wa hydropower ngati. zogwiritsiridwa ntchito mofala.

Geothermal

Zomera zamagetsi zamagetsi (zazikulu) ndi mapampu otentha a geothermal (GHPs) (aang'ono) amasintha kutentha kuchokera mkati mwa Dziko lapansi kukhala magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito nthunzi kapena hydrocarbon. Mphamvu ya Geothermal inali yodalira malo omwe nthawi ina inali yodalira malo, zomwe zimafuna mwayi wopita kumalo osungiramo nthaka pansi pa nthaka. Kafukufuku waposachedwa akuthandizira kupangitsa kuti geothermal ikhale yosadziwika bwino.

Makina owonjezera a geothermal systems (EGS) amabweretsa madzi ofunikira kuchokera pansi pa dziko lapansi kupita kumene sali, zomwe zimathandiza kupanga mphamvu ya geothermal m'malo padziko lonse lapansi kumene sikunali kotheka. Ndipo pamene ukadaulo wa ESG ukusintha, kulowa mu kutentha kosatha kwa Dziko lapansi kumatha kupereka mphamvu zopanda malire, zotsika mtengo kwa onse.

Zomera

Bioenergy imapangidwa kuchokera ku biomass yomwe imakhala ndi zinthu zachilengedwe monga zomera ndi ndere. Ngakhale kuti biomass nthawi zambiri imatsutsidwa ngati yongowonjezedwanso, bioenergy yamasiku ano ndi gwero lamphamvu lomwe silimatulutsa mphamvu.

Kukula kwa biofuel kuphatikiza biodiesel ndi bioethanol ndizosangalatsa kwambiri. Ofufuza ku Australia akuwunika kusintha zinthu zachilengedwe kukhala mafuta okhazikika apandege (SAF). Izi zingathandize kuchepetsa mpweya wa mpweya wa jet mpaka 80%.8 Stateside, Dipatimenti ya Mphamvu ya US (DOE) ya Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO) ikupanga teknoloji yothandiza kuchepetsa mtengo ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe cha bioenergy ndi bioproduct kupanga pamene ikuwongolera khalidwe.9

Zipangizo zamakono zothandizira tsogolo la mphamvu zowonjezereka

Chuma champhamvu chopanda mphamvu chimadalira mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe zimatha kukhala pachiwopsezo cha chilengedwe ndipo zambiri zimaphatikizidwa mumagulu amagetsi, ukadaulo wothandizira kuthana ndi zoopsazo ndizofunikira. IBM Environmental Intelligence imatha kuthandiza mabungwe kulimbikitsa kulimba mtima komanso kukhazikika poyembekezera zosokoneza zomwe zingachitike ndikuchepetsa mwachangu chiwopsezo panthawi yonse yogwira ntchito komanso maunyolo owonjezera.

1 Mafuta amafuta 'ayamba kutha' pamene mitengo ya solar panel ikutsika(ulalo umakhala kunja kwa ibm.com), The Independent, 27 September 2023.

2 Kukula kwakukulu kwa mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa kumatsegula chitseko chakukwaniritsa zolinga zitatu zapadziko lonse zomwe zakhazikitsidwa pa COP28.(ulalo umakhala kunja kwa ibm.com), International Energy Agency, 11 Januware 2024.

3Mphepo(ulalo umakhala kunja kwa ibm.com), International Energy Agency, 11 Julayi 2023.

4Zongowonjezeranso—magetsi(ulalo umakhala kunja kwa ibm.com), International Energy Agency, Januware 2024.

5Zochita Zatsopano Zokulitsa Mphamvu Zamphepo Zaku US ku Offshore(ulalo umakhala kunja kwa ibm.com), The White House, 15 Seputembala 2022.

6Mphamvu zamagetsi(ulalo umakhala kunja kwa ibm.com), International Energy Agency, 11 Julayi 2023.

710 Zofunika Zakukwaniritsa Mphamvu Zamadzi Kuchokera mu 2021(ulalo umakhala kunja kwa ibm.com), National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 18 Januware 2022.

8 Kupatsa mphamvu tsogolo lopangidwira moyo(ulalo umakhala kunja kwa ibm.com), Jet Zero Australia, wafika pa 11 Januware 2024.

9Renewable Carbon Resources(ulalo umakhala kunja kwa ibm.com), Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, yofikira pa 28 Disembala 2023.