ʻO ka wā e hiki mai ana o ka ikehu hou

Ka lā

ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka lā i ka ikehu uila ma nā ʻano ʻelua—solar photovoltaics (PV) a i ʻole concentrating solar-thermal power (CSP). ʻO ke ala maʻamau, ʻo ka solar PV, e hōʻiliʻili i ka lā me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā panela solar, hoʻololi iā ia i ka ikehu uila a mālama ʻia i loko o nā pihi no nā ʻano hana like ʻole.

Ma muli o ka emi ʻana o nā kumukūʻai waiwai a me nā holomua i nā kaʻina hana, ua emi ke kumukūʻai o ka mana o ka lā ma kahi o 90% i nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala aku nei, e ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi a me ke kumu kūʻai. a ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi, ikaika a maikaʻi hoʻi nā paneli lā e hiki ke hoʻohua i ka uila i nā wā haʻahaʻa o ka lā.

Ke hilinaʻi nei ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka ikehu o ka lā i nā ʻōnaehana mālama ikehu (ESS) no ka hāʻawi like ʻana—no laila ke piʻi aʻe ka mana o ka hanauna, pono e hoʻomau nā ʻōnaehana mālama. No ka laʻana, ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia nei ka ʻenehana pākaukau kahe e kākoʻo i ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu. ʻO ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa, hilinaʻi a hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia o ESS, hiki i nā pihi kahe ke hoʻopaʻa i nā haneli megawatt hola o ka uila ma ka uku hoʻokahi. ʻO kēia ka mea e hiki ai i nā pono hana ke mālama i ka ikehu no ka manawa lōʻihi no nā manawa haʻahaʻa a i ʻole ka hana ʻole, e kōkua ana i ka mālama ʻana i ka ukana a hana i kahi pahu mana paʻa a paʻa.

ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā mana ESS e lilo i mea nuidecarbonizationnā hana a me ka ikehu maʻemaʻe i ka wā e hiki mai ana ke hoʻonui ʻia ka mana mana hou. Wahi a ka International Energy Agency (IEA), i ka makahiki 2023 wale nō, ua hoʻonui ka ikehu hou i kona mana honua e 50%, me ka PV solar e hana ana i ʻekolu hapaha o ia kaha. A i ka manawa ma waena o 2023 a i 2028, manaʻo ʻia e ulu ka mana uila hou e 7,300 gigawatts me ka solar PV a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka makani ma kahakai e manaʻo ʻia e pālua i ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā pae i kēia manawa ma India, Brazil, ʻEulopa a me US ma o 2028.2

makani

Ua hoʻohana nā kānaka i ka mana makani e hana i ka ikehu mechanical a me ka uila no nā hanauna. Ma ke ʻano he kumu maʻemaʻe, kūpaʻa a me ke kumu kūʻai o ka mana, hāʻawi ka makani makani i ka mana nui e hoʻonui i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ikehu hou a puni ka honua me ka liʻiliʻi o ka hopena i nā kaiaola. Ma muli o ka wanana IEA, manaʻo ʻia e ʻoi aku ka nui o ka uila makani ma mua o ka pālua i ka 350 gigawatts (GW) e 20283 me ka mākeke ikehu hou o Kina e hoʻonui ana i ka 66% ma 2023 wale nō.4

Ua hoʻololi ʻia nā mīkini makani makani mai ka liʻiliʻi, e like me nā wili makani no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka home, a i ka nui pono no nā māla makani. Akā ʻo kekahi o nā mea hoihoi loa i ka ʻenehana makani aia i loko o ka hana makani makani waho, me ka nui o nā papahana makani waho e hoʻokele ana i nā kai hohonu. Ke kūkulu ʻia nei nā mahiʻai makani nui no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā makani ʻoi aku ka ikaika o waho e hiki ke pālua i ka mana makani o waho. I Kepakemapa 2022, ua hoʻolaha ka Hale Paʻa i nā hoʻolālā e hoʻolālā i ka 30 GW o ka mana o ka makani ma waho o 2030. Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia kēia hana e hāʻawi i 10 miliona mau hale hou me ka ikehu maʻemaʻe, kōkua i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā kumukūʻai ikehu, kākoʻo i nā hana ikehu maʻemaʻe a hoʻemi hou i ka hilinaʻi o ka ʻāina. ma nā wahie fossil.5

I ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻana o ka ikehu maʻemaʻe i loko o nā pahu mana, ʻo ka wānana ʻana i ka hana ʻana o ka ikehu hou e lilo i mea koʻikoʻi no ka mālama ʻana i kahi lako uila paʻa.Ka wānana ʻana i nā mea houhe hoʻonā i kūkulu ʻia ma lunaAI, nā mea ʻike,aʻo mīkini,ʻikepili geospatial, ʻikepili kiʻekiʻe, ʻikepili ʻano maikaʻi loa o ka papa a me nā mea hou aʻe no ka hoʻopuka ʻana i nā wānana pololei a kūlike no nā kumuwaiwai ikehu hou e like me ka makani. Kōkua nā wānana pololei i nā mea hoʻohana e hoʻohui i nā ʻenehana ikehu hou hou aʻe i loko o ka pā uila. Hoʻonui lākou i ka pono a me ka hilinaʻi ma o ka hoʻolālā maikaʻi ʻana i ka wā e hoʻonui ai i ka hana i luna a i lalo paha, e hōʻemi ana i nā kumukūʻai hana. No ka laʻana, Omega Energiahoʻonui i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hou ma o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka pololei wānana—15% no ka makani a me 30% no ka la. Ua kōkua kēia mau hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pono o ka mālama ʻana a me ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā kumukūʻai hana.

Kaha wai

Hoʻohana nā ʻōnaehana wai mana wai i ka neʻe ʻana o ka wai e like me ke kahe ʻana o ka muliwai a me ke kahawai, ka ikehu kai a me ke kai, nā loko a me nā pā e wili ai i nā turbines e hoʻohua i ka uila. Wahi a ka IEA, e hoʻomau ka hydro i ka mea hoʻolako ikehu maʻemaʻe nui loa ma o 2030 me nā ʻenehana hou hoihoi ma ka horizon.6

No ka laʻana, hoʻohana ka wai liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i nā mini-a me nā micro-grids e hāʻawi i ka ikehu hou i nā wahi kuaʻāina a me nā wahi i hiki ʻole ai i nā ʻoihana nui (e like me nā dams). Ke hoʻohana nei i ka paila, turbine a i ʻole ka huila wai e hoʻololi i ke kahe kūlohelohe o nā muliwai liʻiliʻi a me nā kahawai i uila, hāʻawi ka wai liʻiliʻi i kahi kumu ikehu hoʻomau me ka liʻiliʻi o ka hopena i nā kaiaola kūloko. I nā manawa he nui, hiki i nā kaiāulu ke hoʻohui i kahi kikowaena kikowaena a kūʻai aku i ka mana nui i hana ʻia.

I ka makahiki 2021, ua hoʻonoho ka National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) i ʻekolu turbines i hana ʻia me ka thermoplastic composite material hou i emi ʻole ka corrodible a ʻoi aku ka hana hou ʻana ma mua o nā mea kahiko i loko o ka muliwai Hikina o New York City. Ua hana nā turbines hou i ka nui o ka ikehu i ka manawa like me ko lākou mau mua akā me ka ʻike ʻole ʻia o ka pōʻino. lawe ʻia no ka hoʻohana nui ʻana.

Geothermal

Hoʻololi nā mea hoʻoheheʻe Geothermal (nui) a me nā paila wela wela (GHP) (liʻiliʻi) i ka wela mai loko mai o ka Honua i uila me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mahu a i ʻole hydrocarbon. ʻO ka ikehu Geothermal kahi i hilinaʻi ʻia i ka wahi—e koi ana i ke komo ʻana i nā waihona wai wela ma lalo o ka ʻōpala o ka Honua. Ke kōkua nei ka noiʻi hou loa e hoʻonui i ka geothermal i kahi agnostic.

ʻO nā ʻōnaehana geothermal i hoʻonui ʻia (EGS) e lawe mai i ka wai e pono ai mai lalo o ka ili o ka Honua i kahi ʻaʻole, e hiki ai ke hana i ka ikehu geothermal ma nā wahi a puni ka honua kahi i hiki ʻole ai ma mua. A i ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻenehana ESG, hiki ke hoʻolako i ka ikehu maʻemaʻe haʻahaʻa no nā mea āpau i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wela wela o ka Honua.

Biomass

Hoʻokumu ʻia ka bioenergy mai ka biomass i loko o nā mea kūlohelohe e like me nā mea kanu a me nā algae. ʻOiai ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa pinepine ʻia nei ka biomass ma ke ʻano he mea hiki ke hoʻololi maoli ʻia, ʻo ka bioenergy o kēia lā kahi kumu kokoke i ka ʻole-emission o ka ikehu.

ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā biofuels me ka biodiesel a me ka bioethanol he mea hoihoi loa. Ke ʻimi nei ka poʻe noiʻi ma Australia i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea kūlohelohe i nā wahie mokulele hoʻomau (SAF). Hiki i kēia ke kōkua i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ke kalapona i ka jet fuel a hiki i ka 80%.8 Stateside, ke hoʻomohala nei ka US Department of Energy (DOE) Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO) i ka ʻenehana e kōkua i ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā kumukūʻai a me nā hopena o ke kaiapuni o ka bioenergy a me ka hana bioproduct me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i kā lākou. maikaʻi.9

ʻenehana e kākoʻo i ka wā e hiki mai ana o ka ikehu hou

Ke hilinaʻi nei ka ʻoihana ikehu maʻemaʻe i nā kumu ikehu hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia e pili ana i nā mea pili i ke kaiapuni a me ka nui o nā mea i hoʻohui ʻia i loko o nā mana mana, ʻo ka ʻenehana e kōkua i ka mālama ʻana i kēlā mau pilikia. Hiki i ka IBM Environmental Intelligence ke kōkua i nā hui e hoʻoikaika i ke kūpaʻa a me ka hoʻomau ʻana ma o ka manaʻo ʻana i nā pilikia e hiki mai ana a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa pono ʻana i ka pilikia ma nā hana a me nā kaulahao lako.

1 'E lilo ana nā wahie fossil' i ka wā kahiko i ka emi ʻana o nā kumukūʻai o ka lā(Loaʻa ka loulou ma waho o ibm.com), The Independent, 27 Kepakemapa 2023.

2 ʻO ka hoʻonui nui ʻana o ka mana hou e wehe i ka puka e hoʻokō i ka pahuhopu tripling honua i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma COP28(Loaʻa ka loulou ma waho o ibm.com), International Energy Agency, 11 Ianuali 2024.

3makani(Loaʻa ka loulou ma waho o ibm.com), International Energy Agency, 11 Iulai 2023.

4Nā mea hou aku—Ka Uila(Loaʻa ka loulou ma waho o ibm.com), International Energy Agency, Ianuali 2024.

5Nā Hana Hou no ka Hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻEhu makani makani waho o ʻAmelika(Loaʻa ka loulou ma waho o ibm.com), The White House, 15 Kepakemapa 2022.

6Ka wai uila(Loaʻa ka loulou ma waho o ibm.com), International Energy Agency, 11 Iulai 2023.

7He 10 mau hana mana wai nui mai 2021(Loaʻa ka loulou ma waho o ibm.com), National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 18 Ianuali 2022.

8 No ka mana i ka wā e hiki mai ana i kūkulu ʻia no ke ola(Loaʻa ka loulou ma waho o ibm.com), ʻo Jet Zero Australia, loaʻa iā 11 Ianuali 2024.

9Nā Punawai Kalapona Hou(Loaʻa ka loulou ma waho o ibm.com), Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, i loaʻa i ka 28 Dekemaba 2023.