Makomar makamashi mai sabuntawa

Solar

Canza hasken rana zuwa makamashin lantarki yana faruwa ta hanyoyi biyu - hasken rana photovoltaics (PV) ko mai da hankali kan wutar lantarki mai zafi (CSP). Hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita, hasken rana PV, tana tattara hasken rana ta amfani da hasken rana, ta canza shi zuwa makamashin lantarki da kuma adana shi a cikin batura don amfani iri-iri.

Sakamakon raguwar farashin kayan abu da ci gaba a cikin hanyoyin shigarwa, farashin wutar lantarki ya ragu kusan kashi 90 cikin 100 a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, yana mai da shi mafi sauƙi kuma mai tsada. kuma mafi sassauƙa, ƙarfi da ingantaccen hasken rana wanda zai iya samar da wutar lantarki ko da a lokacin ƙarancin hasken rana.

Ƙirƙirar makamashin hasken rana ya dogara da tsarin ajiyar makamashi (ESS) don rarrabawa daidai-don haka ƙarfin haɓaka yana ƙaruwa, tsarin ajiya dole ne ya ci gaba da tafiya. Misali, ana inganta fasahar baturi mai kwarara don tallafawa ma'auni na ma'aunin makamashi. Ƙananan farashi, abin dogaro da sikelin sikelin ESS, batura masu gudana zasu iya ɗaukar daruruwan megawatt na wutar lantarki akan caji ɗaya. Wannan yana ba da damar kayan aiki don adana makamashi na dogon lokaci don lokutan ƙarancin ƙima ko rashin samarwa, yana taimakawa sarrafa kaya da ƙirƙirar grid mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi.

Ƙaddamar da damar ESS yana ƙara zama mahimmanci gadecarbonizationkokarin da makamashi mai tsabta a nan gaba yayin da ƙarfin wutar lantarki mai sabuntawa yana faɗaɗa. A cewar Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Duniya (IEA), a cikin 2023 kadai, makamashin da ake iya sabuntawa ya karu da kashi 50% a duniya, tare da hasken rana PV wanda ke da kashi uku cikin hudu na wannan karfin. Kuma a cikin lokacin tsakanin 2023 zuwa 2028, ana sa ran ƙarfin wutar lantarki mai sabuntawa zai haɓaka da gigawatts 7,300 tare da hasken rana PV da amfani da iskar bakin teku ana tsammanin zai ninka aƙalla fiye da matakan da ake ciki yanzu a Indiya, Brazil, Turai da Amurka ta 2028.2

Iska

Mutane sun kasance suna amfani da wutar lantarki don samar da makamashin inji da lantarki har tsawon tsararraki. A matsayin tushen wutar lantarki mai tsabta, mai dorewa kuma mai tsada, makamashin iska yana ba da babbar dama don haɓaka canjin makamashi mai sabuntawa a duk faɗin duniya tare da ƙaramin tasiri ga yanayin muhalli. Bisa kididdigar da IEA ta yi, ana sa ran samar da wutar lantarki ta iska zai ninka fiye da ninki biyu zuwa gigawatts 350 (GW) nan da shekarar 20283, yayin da kasuwar makamashi mai sabuntawa ta kasar Sin ta karu da kashi 66% a shekarar 2023 kadai.4

Na'urorin sarrafa iska sun samo asali ne daga ƙananan sikelin, kamar injin niƙa don amfanin gida, zuwa ma'auni na amfanin gonakin iska. Amma wasu abubuwan da suka fi jan hankali a fasahar iska sun kasance a cikin samar da wutar lantarki ta teku, tare da yawancin ayyukan iskar da ke tafiya cikin ruwa mai zurfi. Ana haɓaka manyan gonakin iskar iska don yin amfani da iskar da ke cikin teku don yuwuwar ƙarfin ƙarfin iskar da ke cikin teku ninki biyu. A cikin watan Satumba na 2022, Fadar White House ta sanar da shirin tura 30 GW na wutar lantarki da ke shawagi a teku nan da shekarar 2030. An shirya wannan shiri na samar da karin gidaje miliyan 10 da makamashi mai tsafta, taimakawa rage farashin makamashi, tallafawa ayyukan makamashi mai tsafta da kuma kara rage dogaron kasar. akan makamashin burbushin halittu.5

Kamar yadda ƙarin makamashi mai tsafta ke haɗawa cikin grid ɗin wuta, hasashen samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa ya zama mahimmanci don sarrafa tsayayyiyar samar da wutar lantarki.Hasashen sabuntawashine mafita da aka gina akansaAI, sensosi,koyon inji,geospatial data, nazarce-nazarce na ci-gaba, mafi kyawun bayanan yanayi da ƙari don samar da ingantaccen, daidaiton kisa don albarkatun makamashi mai sabuntawa kamar iska. Ingantattun hasashe na taimaka wa masu aiki su haɗa ƙarin fasahohin makamashi masu sabuntawa a cikin grid ɗin wutar lantarki. Suna haɓaka ingancinsa da amincinsa ta hanyar mafi kyawun ƙira lokacin haɓaka samarwa sama ko ƙasa, rage farashin aiki. Alal misali, Omega Energiaƙara yawan amfani da abubuwan sabuntawa ta haɓaka daidaiton tsinkaya-15% na iska da 30% na hasken rana. Waɗannan haɓakawa sun taimaka haɓaka ingancin kulawa da rage farashin aiki.

Ruwan ruwa

Tsarin makamashi na ruwa yana amfani da motsin ruwa da suka hada da kogi da kwararar ruwa, ruwa da makamashin ruwa, tafki da madatsun ruwa don jujjuya injina don samar da wutar lantarki. Bisa ga IEA, ruwa zai kasance mafi girma mai samar da makamashi mai tsabta ta hanyar 2030 tare da sababbin fasaha masu ban sha'awa a sararin sama.6

Alal misali, ƙananan ruwa na amfani da ƙananan-da ƙananan grid don samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa ga yankunan karkara da yankunan da manyan abubuwan more rayuwa (kamar madatsun ruwa) ba za su iya yiwuwa ba. Yin amfani da famfo, injin turbine ko wheelwheel don canza yanayin kwararar ƙananan koguna da magudanan ruwa zuwa wutar lantarki, ƙaramin ruwa mai ƙarfi yana samar da tushen makamashi mai ɗorewa tare da ɗan ƙaramin tasiri ga muhallin gida. A lokuta da yawa, al'ummomi za su iya haɗawa zuwa grid mai tsaka-tsaki kuma su sayar da baya da wuce gona da iri da aka samar.

A cikin 2021, Laboratory Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) ya sanya injin turbines guda uku da aka yi da sabon kayan haɗe-haɗe na thermoplastic wanda ba shi da lahani kuma ya fi sake yin fa'ida fiye da kayan gargajiya zuwa Kogin Gabas na Birnin New York. Sabbin injinan injin din sun samar da adadin kuzari iri daya a daidai lokacin da magabatan su ke yi amma ba tare da lalacewar tsarin da za a iya gane su ba.7 Gwajin yanayin yanayin har yanzu ya zama dole, amma wannan abu mai rahusa, mai iya sake yin amfani da shi yana da yuwuwar kawo sauyi ga kasuwar makamashin ruwa idan dauka don tartsatsi amfani.

Geothermal

Tashoshin wutar lantarki na ƙasa (manyan-ma'auni) da famfo mai zafi na ƙasa (GHPs) (ƙananan ma'auni) suna canza zafi daga cikin duniya zuwa wutar lantarki ta amfani da tururi ko hydrocarbon. Ƙarfin ƙasa ya kasance ya dogara da wurin sau ɗaya-yana buƙatar samun damar zuwa tafki mai zurfi a ƙarƙashin ɓawon ƙasa. Binciken na baya-bayan nan yana taimakawa wajen sanya geothermal ƙarin wuri mai agnostic.

Ingantaccen tsarin ƙasa (EGS) yana kawo ruwan da ake buƙata daga ƙasan duniya zuwa inda babu, yana ba da damar samar da makamashin geothermal a wurare a duniya inda ba a taɓa yiwuwa ba. Kuma yayin da fasahar ESG ke tasowa, yin amfani da yanayin zafi mara ƙarewa a duniya yana da yuwuwar samar da tsaftataccen makamashi mara iyaka ga kowa.

Biomass

Bioenergy yana samuwa ne daga biomass wanda ya ƙunshi kayan halitta kamar tsire-tsire da algae. Ko da yake ana sabani akan bioomass a matsayin sabuntawa na gaske, makamashin halittu na yau shine tushen makamashi kusa da sifili.

Abubuwan haɓakawa a cikin abubuwan da suka haɗa da biodiesel da bioethanol suna da ban sha'awa musamman. Masu bincike a Ostiraliya suna binciken canza kayan halitta zuwa makamashin jirgin sama mai dorewa (SAF). Wannan zai iya taimakawa wajen rage hayakin iskar gas ta jet zuwa kashi 80% zuwa 80% a Jiha, Ofishin Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka (DOE) Ofishin Fasaha na Bioenergy (BETO) na haɓaka fasaha don taimakawa rage farashi da tasirin muhalli na makamashin halittu da samar da samfuran halittu yayin inganta haɓakar su. inganci.9

Fasaha don tallafawa makomar makamashi mai sabuntawa

Tattalin arzikin makamashi mai tsafta ya dogara da hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa waɗanda ke da rauni ga abubuwan muhalli kuma yayin da ake haɗa ƙari cikin grid ɗin wutar lantarki, fasaha don taimakawa sarrafa waɗannan haɗarin yana da mahimmanci. Ilimin Muhalli na IBM na iya taimakawa ƙungiyoyi don haɓaka juriya da dorewa ta hanyar hasashen yuwuwar rushewa da rage haɗari cikin himma cikin ayyukan da tsawaita sarƙoƙi.

1 Burbushin burbushin halittu ya 'zama tsohuwa' yayin da farashin hasken rana ya fadi(mahaɗi yana zaune a wajen ibm.com), The Independent, 27 Satumba 2023.

2 Babban fadada wutar lantarki mai sabuntawa yana buɗe kofa don cimma burin ninki uku na duniya da aka saita a COP28(mahaɗi yana zaune a wajen ibm.com), Hukumar Makamashi ta Duniya, 11 Janairu 2024.

3Iska(mahaɗi yana zaune a wajen ibm.com), Hukumar Makamashi ta Duniya, 11 Yuli 2023.

4Sabuntawa — Wutar Lantarki(mahaɗin yana zaune a wajen ibm.com), Hukumar Makamashi ta Duniya, Janairu 2024.

5Sabbin Ayyuka don Faɗaɗa Makamashin Iskar Wuta na Amurka(mahaɗi yana zaune a wajen ibm.com), Fadar White House, 15 Satumba 2022.

6Wutar lantarki(mahaɗi yana zaune a wajen ibm.com), Hukumar Makamashi ta Duniya, 11 Yuli 2023.

710 Muhimman Nasarar Wutar Ruwa Daga 2021(mahaɗi yana zaune a wajen ibm.com), Laboratory Energy Renewable Energy, 18 Janairu 2022.

8 Don iko da makomar da aka gina don rayuwa(mahaɗin yana zaune a wajen ibm.com), Jet Zero Ostiraliya, an shiga 11 ga Janairu 2024.

9Albarkatun Carbon Sabuntawa(mahaɗi yana zaune a wajen ibm.com), Ofishin Inganta Makamashi da Makamashi Mai Sabuwa, wanda aka samu 28 Disamba 2023.